Lot 94
THE SOKO, TANGIER, 1891
Sir John Lavery RA RSA RHA (1856-1941)
Showing Lot 94 of 211
Lot 93 - PAINTING IN A GARDEN
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Lot 95 - SET OF TWELVE PRINTS ILLUSTRATING THE IRISH LINEN INDUSTRY, 1791
Estimate:
€20,000 - €25,000
Price Realised:
€29,000
Signature:
signed and dated lower right
Medium:
oil on canvas
Size:
13.75 by 17.25in., 34.925 by 43.815cm.
Provenance:
Sotheby's, 9 May 2007, lot 70;
Whence purchased by the present owner
Whence purchased by the present owner
Exhibited:
'Pictures by John Lavery', Goupil Gallery, London, 1891, no. 4 (see footnote no. 1)
Literature:
McConkey, Kenneth, John Lavery, A Painter and his World, Atelier Books, 2010, p.55 (illustrated in colour)
In June 1891 Lavery held his first London solo exhibition of 35 pictures at the Goupil Gallery in New Bond Street. Of these, at least sixteen were canvases recently painted in Tangier, the majority of which were scenes of the busy market place, the S...Read more
In June 1891 Lavery held his first London solo exhibition of 35 pictures at the Goupil Gallery in New Bond Street. Of these, at least sixteen were canvases recently painted in Tangier, the majority of which were scenes of the busy market place, the Soko. They were examples, according to The Athenaeum, of 'an extremely clever somewhat feverish and voluptuous sort of Impressionism which is rich in tone and soft, is pale in tint and entirely destitute of
surface finish
' 2. The Saturday Review concurred: Lavery's Tangier paintings were 'coarse in texture and rough in surface
' and although 'cleverly painted', revealed a 'considerable leaning to the Impressionist style'. 3. For many critics, Impressionism, the dreaded foreign import, meant sacrificing fine finish to the exigencies of the moment. An artist-reporter like Lavery was caught up in the shifting scene and his picture would lose its vitality if 'perfected' in the studio after the event.
The 'event', in this case, was of the greatest significance. Although he had spent his student years in Paris and at the artist's colony of Grez-sur-Loing, this was Lavery's first direct contact with the Muslim world. It came after the success of pictures such as The Tennis Party and his residency at the Glasgow International Exhibition of 1888. This had resulted in a commission from the city to paint The State Visit of Queen Victoria ... a work that took two years to complete, and it was only when it received royal approval that in the first week of January 1891, the painter boarded a vessel at Tilbury bound for North Africa.4. Tangier, the 'White City', his destination, came strongly recommended by his Glasgow School friend, Joseph Crawhall, who had been there in 1888, following in the footsteps of Denholm Armour, Alexander Mann and other Scots painters.5. For Lavery it was a life-changing moment; like his predecessors, he was immediately captivated. Although he painted in the Kasbah and on the rooftop of the Continental Hotel, it was the Soko at the eastern gate of the city that claimed most of his attention. He was not alone. Travellers commended this 'big bare area',
... filled with a motley assemblage of Tangierines, [sic] country people and visitors, eddying about various centres of interest - the snake charmer with his dishevelled locks and monotonous drum, the Arab reciter, or the gentleman who sells you half a pint of copper coins for sixpence ... 6.
Yet others went into detail. Here were,
Crouching camels with their loads of dates, chaffering traders, chattering women, sly and servile looking Jews from the city, fierce-eyed heavily armed children of the desert, rough coated horses, lank-sided mules ... the whole enveloped in a blinding, bewildering, choking cloud of such dust as only Africa, "arida nutrix" can produce ...7.
The dry, chalky pigment of the present canvas, perfectly expresses the heat and dust of the Soko. It exposes the untruth of those numerous counterfeit Salon Orientalists whose colourful Arab genre scenes were confections of the studio. Here in the market-place, the colours were drab. Where Snake Charmers (fig 1.) provides a glimpse of wayside theatre, The Soko sweeps the crowded space and looks up to the Kasbah, catching sight of the glistening Straits of Gibraltar beyond.
It was an unforgettable scene to which Lavery would return at regular intervals up until 1920 when this same space was thronged with bystanders as Moroccan troops occupied the German Legation.8. In each of these many instances, Lavery positioned himself on the south-eastern side of the Soko, where, as in the present canvas, the shade from nearby buildings protected him from the sun's glare. Figures, animals, white buildings, picked out in bright light and shade against brilliant blue skies, provided a marquetry of flat shapes that, as Norman Garstin confirmed, charmed the eye of the sketcher.9. Lavery may superficially borrow such effects from the watercolours of Crawhall and Arthur Melville, but he gives them substance in his oil sketches of the Soko.10 John Forbes-White who wrote the introduction to the Goupil exhibition catalogue was particularly enamoured with these swift studies. He wrote that they were 'intensely decorative as well as true artistic as well as real'
The numerous studies at Tangier show broadly and simply [that] these truths are felt in the glowing sunshine and cool shade of the narrow streets However slight it may be the work charms from its freshness and sweetness. If it makes a demand on our intelligence and sympathy, it is a demand, the yielding of which, gives a zest to our enjoyment. 11
In 1891, in the dusty marketplace, seen for the first time, the 'impression' contained all the 'charm' and 'freshness' of 'truth'.
Prof. Kenneth McConkey
April 2012
Footnotes:
1. Three of Lavery's Tangier pictures in this show, nos 4, 7 and 13 were general views of the Soko. Of these, no. 4 was simply entitled The Soko - Tangier, while the others were The Little Soko - Tangier and Camels - The Soko respectively. Of these, only the present canvas has come to light.
2. The Athenaeum, 13 June 1891, pp. 772-3.
3. The Saturday Review, 20 June 1891, pp. 742-3.
4. Kenneth McConkey, John Lavery, A Painter and his World, 2010, (Atelier Books), pp. 40-49, 53-4. The State Visit of Queen Victoria to the International Exhibition, Glasgow, 1888, 1890 (Glasgow Museums) was exhibited in Maclean's Gallery in the Haymarket, London.
5. Kenneth McConkey, 'Incongruous Impressions: Scottish Painters' Journeys at the turn of the Twentieth Century', Journal of the Scottish Society for Art History, Vol 14, 2009-10, pp. 78-89.
6. Stanley J Weyman, 'On Muleback in Morocco', English Illustrated Magazine, 1892, p. 614.
7. HD Traill, 'The Pillars of Hercules', in The Picturesque Mediterranean, Its Cities, Shores and Islands, n.d. [c1890], (Cassell and Co), p. 6.
8. McConkey, 2010, p. 147.
9. Norman Garstin, 'Tangier as a Sketching Ground', The Studio, Vol 11, 1897, pp. 177-182.
10. Melville first traveled to the Middle East, visiting Egypt and Persia in 1882 but did not visit southern Spain until 1890 and may not have crossed the Straits until a year later.
11. J F-W, 'Note', Pictures by John Lavery, 1891, (exhibition catalogue, The Goupil Gallery, London), pp.7-8
The 'event', in this case, was of the greatest significance. Although he had spent his student years in Paris and at the artist's colony of Grez-sur-Loing, this was Lavery's first direct contact with the Muslim world. It came after the success of pictures such as The Tennis Party and his residency at the Glasgow International Exhibition of 1888. This had resulted in a commission from the city to paint The State Visit of Queen Victoria ... a work that took two years to complete, and it was only when it received royal approval that in the first week of January 1891, the painter boarded a vessel at Tilbury bound for North Africa.4. Tangier, the 'White City', his destination, came strongly recommended by his Glasgow School friend, Joseph Crawhall, who had been there in 1888, following in the footsteps of Denholm Armour, Alexander Mann and other Scots painters.5. For Lavery it was a life-changing moment; like his predecessors, he was immediately captivated. Although he painted in the Kasbah and on the rooftop of the Continental Hotel, it was the Soko at the eastern gate of the city that claimed most of his attention. He was not alone. Travellers commended this 'big bare area',
... filled with a motley assemblage of Tangierines, [sic] country people and visitors, eddying about various centres of interest - the snake charmer with his dishevelled locks and monotonous drum, the Arab reciter, or the gentleman who sells you half a pint of copper coins for sixpence ... 6.
Yet others went into detail. Here were,
Crouching camels with their loads of dates, chaffering traders, chattering women, sly and servile looking Jews from the city, fierce-eyed heavily armed children of the desert, rough coated horses, lank-sided mules ... the whole enveloped in a blinding, bewildering, choking cloud of such dust as only Africa, "arida nutrix" can produce ...7.
The dry, chalky pigment of the present canvas, perfectly expresses the heat and dust of the Soko. It exposes the untruth of those numerous counterfeit Salon Orientalists whose colourful Arab genre scenes were confections of the studio. Here in the market-place, the colours were drab. Where Snake Charmers (fig 1.) provides a glimpse of wayside theatre, The Soko sweeps the crowded space and looks up to the Kasbah, catching sight of the glistening Straits of Gibraltar beyond.
It was an unforgettable scene to which Lavery would return at regular intervals up until 1920 when this same space was thronged with bystanders as Moroccan troops occupied the German Legation.8. In each of these many instances, Lavery positioned himself on the south-eastern side of the Soko, where, as in the present canvas, the shade from nearby buildings protected him from the sun's glare. Figures, animals, white buildings, picked out in bright light and shade against brilliant blue skies, provided a marquetry of flat shapes that, as Norman Garstin confirmed, charmed the eye of the sketcher.9. Lavery may superficially borrow such effects from the watercolours of Crawhall and Arthur Melville, but he gives them substance in his oil sketches of the Soko.10 John Forbes-White who wrote the introduction to the Goupil exhibition catalogue was particularly enamoured with these swift studies. He wrote that they were 'intensely decorative as well as true artistic as well as real'
The numerous studies at Tangier show broadly and simply [that] these truths are felt in the glowing sunshine and cool shade of the narrow streets However slight it may be the work charms from its freshness and sweetness. If it makes a demand on our intelligence and sympathy, it is a demand, the yielding of which, gives a zest to our enjoyment. 11
In 1891, in the dusty marketplace, seen for the first time, the 'impression' contained all the 'charm' and 'freshness' of 'truth'.
Prof. Kenneth McConkey
April 2012
Footnotes:
1. Three of Lavery's Tangier pictures in this show, nos 4, 7 and 13 were general views of the Soko. Of these, no. 4 was simply entitled The Soko - Tangier, while the others were The Little Soko - Tangier and Camels - The Soko respectively. Of these, only the present canvas has come to light.
2. The Athenaeum, 13 June 1891, pp. 772-3.
3. The Saturday Review, 20 June 1891, pp. 742-3.
4. Kenneth McConkey, John Lavery, A Painter and his World, 2010, (Atelier Books), pp. 40-49, 53-4. The State Visit of Queen Victoria to the International Exhibition, Glasgow, 1888
5. Kenneth McConkey, 'Incongruous Impressions: Scottish Painters' Journeys at the turn of the Twentieth Century', Journal of the Scottish Society for Art History, Vol 14, 2009-10, pp. 78-89.
6. Stanley J Weyman, 'On Muleback in Morocco', English Illustrated Magazine, 1892, p. 614.
7. HD Traill, 'The Pillars of Hercules', in The Picturesque Mediterranean, Its Cities, Shores and Islands, n.d. [c1890], (Cassell and Co), p. 6.
8. McConkey, 2010, p. 147.
9. Norman Garstin, 'Tangier as a Sketching Ground', The Studio, Vol 11, 1897, pp. 177-182.
10. Melville first traveled to the Middle East, visiting Egypt and Persia in 1882 but did not visit southern Spain until 1890 and may not have crossed the Straits until a year later.
11. J F-W, 'Note', Pictures by John Lavery, 1891, (exhibition catalogue, The Goupil Gallery, London), pp.7-8
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ncluding a further selection from the Jim O'Driscoll Collection, a major corporate collection, the complete series of Louis le Brocquy's Tαin tapestries, the James Cruickshank Collection of Grace Henry Paintings, and many other works of quality at realistic estimates, and THE LOWEST FEES TO BUYERS OF ANY OF THE MAJOR AUCTION HOUSES - an ideal opportunity for the discerning collector.
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WHYTE AND SONS AUCTIONEERS LIMITED, 2022
Clause 1
(a) Each lot is put up subject to any reserve price imposed by the vendor
(b) Subject to sub-clause (a) of this clause, the highest bidder for each lot shall be the purchaser thereof
(c) If any dispute arises as to the highest bidder the auctioneer shall have absolute discretion to determine the dispute and may put up again and re-sell the lot in respect of which the dispute arises.
Clause 2
(a) The bidding and advances shall be regulated by and at the absolute discretion of the auctioneer and he shall have the right to refuse any bid or bids. NOTE: Where an agent bids, even on behalf of a disclosed client, the auctioneer nevertheless has the right at his discretion to refuse any such bid.
(b) The purchaser of each lot shall immediately on its sale, if required by the auctioneer, give him the name and address of the purchaser and pay to the auctioneer at his discretion the whole or part of the purchase money. If the purchaser of any lot fails to comply with any such requirement the auctioneer may put up again and re-sell the lot; if upon such re-sale a lower price is obtained than was obtained on the first sale the purchaser in default on the first sale shall make good the difference in price and expenses of re-sale which shall become a debt due from him.
(c) Where an agent purchases on behalf of an undisclosed client such agent shall be personally liable for payment of the purchase money to the auctioneer and for safe delivery of the lot to the said client.
Clause 3
(a) The auctioneer reserves the rights to bid on behalf of clients including vendors, but shall not be liable for errors or omissions in executing instructions to bid.
(b) The auctioneer reserves the rights, before or during a sale, to group together lots belonging to the same vendor, to split up and to withdraw any lot or lots at the auctioneer's absolute discretion and without giving any reason in any case.
(c) The auctioneer acts as agent only, and therefore shall not be liable for any default of the purchaser or vendor.
Clause 4
(a) Each lot shall be at the purchaser's risk from the fall of the hammer and shall be paid for in full before delivery and taken away at his expense within one day of the sale. The buyer will be responsible for all removal, storage and insurance charges in respect of any lot which has not been collected within one day of the date of sale.
(b) If any purchaser fails to pay in full for any lot within 21 days of the date of sale such lot may at any time thereafter at the auctioneer's discretion be put up for sale by auction again or sold privately; if upon such re-sale a lower price is obtained than was obtained on the first sale the purchaser in default on the first sale shall make good the difference in price and the expenses of re-sale which shall become debt due from him.
(c) Interest at 2 per cent per month and legal costs (if any) for recovery of monies due shall be payable by the purchaser on any overdue account.
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(a) Each buyer, by making a bid, acknowledges that he has satisfied himself as to the physical condition, age and catalogue description of each lot (including but not restricted to whether the lot is damaged or has been repaired or restored).
(b) All lots are sold with all faults and imperfections and errors of description and the Auctioneer and its employees, servants or agents shall not be responsible for any error of description or for the condition or authenticity of any lot, save for Clause 5 (c) below. Written or verbal condition reports may be supplied by the Auctioneer on request but these are merely statements of opinion, and any error or omission in these reports may not be taken as grounds for a cancellation of sale or refund of any part of the purchase price or the cost of any repairs to the lot or lots reported on
(c) A purchaser shall be at liberty to reject any lot if he - (i) gives the auctioneer written notice of intention to question the genuineness of the lot within seven days from the date of sale; AND (ii) proves that the lot is a deliberate forgery and (iii) returns to the auctioneer within 20 days from the date of sale the lot in the same condition as it was at the time of sale; provided that the auctioneer may, at his discretion, on receiving a request in writing from the purchaser, extend for a reasonable period the time for return of the lot to enable it to be submitted to expertisation. NOTE: The onus of proving a lot to be a deliberate forgery is on the purchaser.
(d) Where a lot has been submitted to expertisation, all costs of such expertisation shall be paid by the person who retains the certificate of expertisation and item or items to which the certificate relates.
(e) Where the purchaser of a lot discharges the onus and acts in accordance with sub-clause (b) of this clause, the auctioneer shall rescind the sale and repay to the purchaser the purchase money paid by him in respect of the lot.
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(g) Any lot listed as a "collection, range, portfolio etc." or stated to comprise or contain a collection or range of items which are not described shall be put up for sale not subject to rejection and shall be taken by the purchaser with all (if any) faults, lack of genuineness and errors of description and numbers of items in the lot, and the purchaser shall have no right to reject the lot; except that, notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this sub-clause, where before a sale a person intending to bid at the sale gives notice in writing to, and satisfies the auctioneer that any such lot contains any item or items undescribed in the sale catalogue and that person specifically describes that item or those items in that notice, then that item or those items shall, as between the auctioneer and that person, to be taken to form part of the description of the lot.
Clause 6
The respective rights and obligations of the parties shall be governed and interpreted by Irish law, and the buyer hereby submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the Irish Courts.
Special Conditions
a) The buyer shall pay the Auctioneer a commission at the rate of 20% (Art sales) or 24% (Collectibles sales). The Buyer's Premium is added to the hammer price of all lots and is subject to VAT at the prevailing rate.
(b) The Auctioneer or its employees, servants or agents may, on request organise packing and shipping of lots purchased or may order on the buyer's behalf third parties to pack or ship purchases. Under no circumstances does the Auctioneer accept any liability whatsoever for any loss or damage howsoever occasioned in the course of such service.
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We hold two types of auction - TIMED and LIVE SALEROOM
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The Buyers Premium for Art sales is 20% plus VAT ( 24.6% gross). The Buyers Premium for Collectibles sales is 24% plus VAT (29.52% gross). The Buyers Premium will be added to your winning bid amount. Your invoice will detail all the payment, collection and shipping particulars.
2. LIVE SALEROOM AUCTION:
If you can't attend the auction in the saleroom you can email or post or telephone bids to us, or you can book a telephone line to bid during the sale. Contact us on +353 16762888 or bids@whytes.ie
To bid on-line at a Live Saleroom Auction:
• Log in or register bid.whytes.ie
• Visit the online auction catalogue
• Find the lot number you are interested in.
· The current highest bid will be displayed
• The minimum bid required to beat the highest bid will also be shown.
· You can place your bid. The screen will show the new highest bid and will indicate if that bid is yours. Note: if a previous bidder has left a bid that equals yours the previous bidder will win the lot unless you outbid them. If the screen doesn’t confirm that your bid is winning you will need to bid again if you wish to buy the lot. Don’t worry -the system will not allow you to bid against yourself.
• The live auction will begin at the announced date and time and will be sold in lot number order by the auctioneer.
• Invoices will be issued to successful bidders on the next working day after the sale has ended.
BIDDING STEPS:
Up to €300 x€10
Up to €700 x €20
Up to €1,300 x €50
Up to €3,000 x €100
Up to €7,000 x €200
Up to €13,000 x €500
Up to €30,000 x €1,000
Up to €40,000 x €2,000
Up to €70,000 x €2,000
Up to €130,000 x €5,000
Up to €500,000 x €10,000
A FEW TIPS FOR ABSENTEE BIDDERS:
Bid the maximum price you would pay for the lot; we will try and secure the lot for you at the lowest possible price. For instance if you bid €2,000 on a lot and the highest other bid we receive is €1,200 you get it for €1,250. Most people tend to bid in round numbers, e.g. €500. It’s often a good idea to bid an odd number, e.g. €520, or €540 which will outbid an even number. Check the results the day after the sale: these are published on our website www.whytes.ie at about 10am on the day after the sale. Successful bidders are also notified of results by mail.
TIE BIDS: if two or more equal bids are received the lot will be sold to the first received.
The Buyers Premium for Art sales is 20% plus VAT ( 24.6% gross). The Buyers Premium for Collectibles sales is 24% plus VAT (29.52% gross). The Buyers Premium will be added to your winning bid amount. Your invoice will detail all the payment, collection and shipping particulars.